The+Roman+Empire

The Roman Empire

Bold:
 * 1) Cilil War- Conflict between groups from the same country.
 * 2) Julius Caesar- A military leader who joined forces with Crassus a wealthy Roman, and Pompey and popular General. He was elected into council in 59 BC for the next ten years thoes men dominated Rome as a trimvirate.
 * 3) Trimvirate- A group of three rulers.
 * 4) Augustus- A name given in Octavian when he was the unchallenged ruler of Rome, the name ment exalted one. He also kept the name imperator or supreme military leader, a term from witch emperor is derived.
 * 5) Pax Romana- A period of peace and properity at around 27 BC to 180 AD, it lasted 207 years.

Key People-
 * 1) Caesar
 * 2) Augustus
 * 3) Pompey
 * 4) Crassus
 * 5) Tuberius
 * 6) Gracchus
 * 7) Gaius Cassius
 * 8) Marcus Brutus
 * 9) Lepidus
 * 10) Marc Anthony
 * 11) Celopatra

Ideas/Events

THE REPUBLIC COLLAPSES:
 * After Rome's imcreasing wealth and expanding boundries problems occured like a huge shakeup of the republic, and a change in the political system.

ECONOMIC TURMOIL:
 * Rome's gap between rich and poor grew wider as it wealth increased.
 * Many of Rome's wealthy people lived on huge estates where slaves worked.
 * By 100 BC slaved formed about 1/3 of Rome's population.
 * Many Roman farmers were former soliders who had sold they're land to the estate owners and became homeless, they joined a Roman rank of the urban poor, a group that totaled about 1/4 of the society.
 * Two brothers Tiberius and Gracchus attempted to help the Roman poor. As Tribunes they proposed such reforms like as limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor.
 * After the two brothers death, a cilil war followed.

MILITARY UPHEAVAL:
 * Adding the growing turmoil within the republic was a breakdown of the once-loyal government.
 * As the republic broke down more and more, generals would try to seize as much power as they could for themselves.
 * The generals recruited soliders from the poorest of places and offered them land, these solider fought for pay and owned allience only to their commander.

JULIUS CAESAR TAKES CONTROLL:
 * Caesar was a strong leader and a genius in military stratedgy.
 * He served only one year as consul, then he appointed himself governor of Gual.
 * In 58-50 BC Caesar lead his legion in a gueling but seccessful campaign to conqure all of Gual, after that battle he won his mens loyalty and devoltion.
 * In 50 BC the senate, at Pompey his political rivals urgings ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home.
 * In January, the tenth in 49 BC Caesar took his army across the Rubicon River in Italy, the southern limit of area he commanded. He marched his army swiftly towards Rome and Pompey fled leaving his soliders to be defeated.
 * In 44 BC Caesar was named dictator for life in Rome.

CAESAR'S REFORMS:
 * Caesar governed as an absolute ruler.
 * He started a number of reforms:
 * He granted citizenship to many people in the province.
 * He expanded the senate adding people from Italy.
 * He created jobs.
 * Lastly he started colonies where people without land could own properties.
 * Many nobels didn't approve of Caesars growing power, sucess and popularity.
 * On March 15 44 BC Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius along ith others plotted an assassination of Caesar stabing him to death in the senate chamber.

BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE:
 * After Caesar's death cilil war broke out again and destroyed what was left of Rome.
 * Three of Caesars supporters joined together to crush the assassins. The three people were Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son Octavian joined with Marc Anthony and a powerful polititian named Lepidus.
 * Those three took control of Rome and became the second triumvirate.
 * Octavian forced Lepidus to retire because him (Octavain) and Marc Anthony haad become ememies.
 * Octavian accused Anthony of of plotting to rule Rome from Egypt and another cilil war erupted, Octavian defeated both Celopatra and Marc Anthony's troops at the navel battle of Actium in 31 BC.
 * Later, Mark Anthony and Celopatra commited suicide.

A VAST POWERFUL EMPIRE:
 * Rome was at its peak of power from27 BC to 180 AD thats 207 years.
 * During the Pax Romana the Roman empire included more than 3 million square miles, with a population of 60 to 80 million.

A SOUND GOVERNMENT:
 * Augustus was Rome's ablest ruler, who died in 14 AD.
 * The government he had established maintained stability.
 * The Roman empire reached from Spain to Mesopotamia, to North Africa to Britan.

AGRICULTURE AND TRADE:
 * Agriculture was the most important thing in Roman empire industry.
 * About 90% of Rome was engaged in farming.
 * A complex network of roads linked the empire to such far-flung places as Persia and Southern Russia.

THE ROMAN WORLD:
 * Throughout history Rome has emphisized the values of disapline, strength and loyalty.
 * Most people in teh Roman empire lived an country-sides and worked on farms.
 * In rome and smaller cities, merchants, soliders, slaves, foreigners, and philosophers all shared the crowed noisy streets.
 * In the streets people from all walks of life came together.

SLAVES AND CAPTIVITY:
 * Slavery was a huge part of Roman life.
 * 'Children born to slaves also became slaves.
 * Slaves worked both in the city and on farms.
 * Slaves who worked in wealthy households were better treated than those who didn't.
 * None of the attempted slave revolts ever succeeded.

GODS AND GODESSES:
 * The earliest Romans worshiped powerful spirits called NUMINA.
 * In Rome, government and religion were closly linked.
 * The most important gods of the Roman religion were Jupiter, father of teh gods, Juno, his wife and Minerva godess of wisdom.
 * During the empire, worship of teh emperor also became part of teh offical religion in Rome.

SOCIETY AND CULTURE:
 * By the time of teh empire weakth, and social status made huge differences in how people lived.
 * Classes had little in common.
 * Most people in Rome barely had the nessesities of life.
 * During the time of teh empire much of the city's population was unemployed, the government gave those people daily rations of grain.
 * To distracted and controll teh masses of Romans the government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests.
 * by 250 AD ther were 150 holidays a year