The+Reformation+Continues

The Reformation Continues

Bold: Predestination- A doctorine that said that from the beginning of time God has known who will be saved. Calvinism- Started by John Calvin's teachings. They believed that men and women are sinful by nature, and that humans cannot earn salvation. Presbyterians- The followers of John Knox He believed that each community church was governed by a group of laymen called elders. Anabaptists- The people who believed that whoever was baptized as a child should be rebaptized as an adult. Thocracy- A government controlled by religious leaders. Catholic Reformation- Helped Catholics stay loyal instead of converting to protestant. It was onced refered to as the Counter Reformation. Jesuits- Members of the Pope's Society of Jesus. they focused on three actividies, one, founded schools throughtout Europe, two, to convert non-Christians to catholicism. Council of Trent- Catholics, bishops, ad cardinals. They agreed on several doctorines. Like, **The church's interpretaionof the bible was final. any Christian who disagreed was considered heretic. Christians need faith and good works for salvation,they were not saved by faith alone. The bible and church traditions were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. but false sellings of indulgences was banned.**

Key People: Huldrych Zwingli- A Catholic priest in Zurich. He was influenced by both the Christian humanism of Erasmus and by the Luther reforms. In 1520 he attacked abuses in the Catholic Church, he called for a return tothe more person faith of early Christianty. He wanted leaders to have more controll over the church. He was killed during a gruesome war between the Swiss Protestants and the Catholics.

John Calvin- He puvlished //Institutes of Christian Religion.// This book expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. It was a summary ofProtestant theology, or religious believefs. He believed that teocracy was the ideal government.

John Knox- A Scotish preecher, he put Calvin's ideas to work. He made Calvinism Scotland's offical religion.

Francis Margurite of Navarre. He protected John Calvin from being exsecuted for his beliefs while in Frace.

Katherina von Bora- Married to Luther, and has six kids, She argued with Luther about a womens role in marridge.

Ignatius of Loyola- He founded new religous orders, and two new popes, Paul III and Paul IV who both took actions to reform and renew the Christian church. In 1522 he begabn writing a book called //Spritual exercizes// it layed out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer and study.

Paul III- Directed the council of Cardinals to investigateindulgence selling and other abuses in teh church. He aproved teh Jesuit Order. He used inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territories.

Paul IV- Had officals draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith known as the **index of forbidden books.** ALl of those books were burned.

Ideas/Events:

CALVIN CONTINUES THE REFORMATION:


 * John Calvin, then a young law student in France with a growing interest in Church doctrine, was beginning to clarify his religious beliefs.
 * Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas When Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses in 1517, John Calvin had been only eight years old. But Calvin grew up to have as much influence in the spread of Protestantism as Luther did.
 * When Calvin arrived there in the 1540s, Geneva was a self-governing city of about 20,000 people. He and his fol- lowers ran the city according to strict rules. Everyone attended religion class. No one wore bright clothing or played card games. Authorities would imprison, excommunicate, or banish those who broke such rules.
 * Anyone who preached different doctrines might be burned at the stake. Yet, to many Protestants, Calvin’s Geneva was a model city of highly moral citizens.
 * Because Calvin and his followers rigidly regulated morality in Geneva, Calvinism is often described as strict and grim. But Calvin taught that people should enjoy God’s gifts. He wrote that it should not be today trace their roots to Calvin. Elsewhere, Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopted the Calvinist form of church organization. One reason Calvin is considered so influential is that many Protestant churches.

OTHER PROTESTANT REFORMERS:


 * Protestants taught that the Bible is the source of all religious truth and that people should read it to discover those truths. As Christians interpreted the Bible for themselves, new Protestant groups formed over differences in belief.
 * They said that persons who had been baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults. These believers were called Anabaptists, from a Greek word meaning “baptize again.” The Anabaptists also taught that church and state should be separate, and they refused to fight in wars. They shared their possessions.
 * Viewing Anabaptists as radicals who threatened society, both Catholics and Protestants persecuted them. But the Anabaptists survived and became the fore- runners of the Mennonites and the Amish.
 * The wives of some reformers, too, had influence. Katherina Zell, married to Matthew Zell of Strasbourg, once scolded a minister for speak- ing harshly of another reformer. The minister responded by say- ing that she had “disturbed the peace.”
 * As Protestant religions became more firmly established, their organization became more formal. Male religious leaders narrowly limited women’s activities to the home and discouraged them from being leaders in the church.

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION:


 * **From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines:**
 * **• The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic.**
 * **• Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.**
 * **• The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.**
 * **• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned.**


 * THE LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION:**


 * The Reformation had an enduring impact. Through its religious, social, and political effects, the Reformation set the stage for the modern world. It also ended the Christian unity of Europe and left it culturally divided.
 * Both Catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to the role of education in promoting their beliefs. This led to the founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughout Europe.
 * As the Catholic Church’s moral and political authority declined, individual monarchs and states gained power. This led to the develop- ment of modern nation-states. In the 1600s, rulers of nation- states would seek more power for themselves and their countries through warfare, exploration, and expansion.