The+Hundred+Years+War+and+Plague

The Hundred Years War and Plague

Key Vocab:
 * 1) Avignon- In 1305, Philip IV persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as the new pope. Clement V, the newly selected pope, moved from Rome to the city of Avignon in France. Popes would live there for the next 69 years.
 * 2) Great Schism- The French pope lived in Avignon, while the Italian pope lived in Rome. This began the split in the Church known as the Great Schism, or division.
 * 3) John Wycliffe- The papacy was further challenged by an Englishman named John Wycliffe . He preached that Jesus Christ, was the true head of the Church. He was offended by the wealth many clergy displayed. He believed that the clergy should own no land or wealth. He also taught that the Bible alone was the final authority for Christian life. He helped spread this idea by inspiring an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible.
 * 4) Jan Hus- A professor in Bohemia, taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. Hus was excommunicated in 1412. In 1414, he was seized by Church leaders, tried as a heretic, and then burned at the stake in 1415.
 * 5) Bubonic Plague- An epidemic that struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe. **One-third of the population of Europe died of the deadly disease**.
 * 6) Hundred Years' War- When the last Capetian king died without a successor, England’s Edward III, as grandson of Philip IV, claimed the right to the French throne. The war that Edward III launched for that throne continued on and off from 1337 to 1453. Victory passed back and forth between the two countries. Finally, between 1421 and 1453, the French rallied and drove the English out of France entirely, except for the port city of Calais.
 * 7) Joan of Arc- F elt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. When Joan was just 13 she began to have visions and hear what she believed were voices of the saints. They urged her to drive the English from France and give the French crown to France’s true king, Charles VII, son of Charles VI.

Key People: Pope Boniface VIII- Attempted to enforce papal authority on kings as previous popes had. When King Philip IV of France asserted his authority over French bishops, Boniface responded with an official document. It stated that kings must always obey popes.

Philip IV- Had Pope Boniface held prisoner in September 1303. The king planned to bring him to France for trial. The pope was rescued, but the elderly Boniface died a month later. Never again would a pope be able to force monarchs to obey him. Persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as the new pope.

Clement V- The newly selected pope from Rome

Pope Gregory XI- Died while visiting Rome

Pope Urban V

Pope Urban VI- An Italian Pope. Many cardinals regretted their choice almost immediately. Urban VI’s passion for reform and his arrogant personality caused the cardinals to elect a second pope a few months later.

Robert Of Geneva- The Cardinals chose Robert of Geneva, who spoke French. He took the name Clement VII. There were now two popes.

Martin V- IN 1417, the Council chose him as the new pope, ending the Great Schism but leaving the papacy greatly weakened.

John Wycliffe- Preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. He was much offended by the worldliness and wealth many clergy displayed. Wycliffe believed that the clergy should own no land or wealth. Wycliffe also taught that the Bible alone—not the pope— was the final authority for Christian life. He helped spread this idea by inspiring an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible.

Jan Hus- A professor in Bohemia, taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. Hus was excommunicated in 1412. In 1414, he was seized by Church leaders, tried as a heretic, and then burned at the stake in 1415.

Joan of Arc- Led the French army into battle at a fort city near Orléans. The fort blocked the road to Orléans. It was a hard-fought battle for both sides. The French finally retreated in despair.The siege of Orléans was broken. Joan of Arc guided the French onto the path of victory.Suddenly, Joan and a few soldiers charged back toward the fort. The entire French army stormed after her. She felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. When Joan was just 13 she began to have visions and hear what she believed were voices of the saints. They urged her to drive the English from France and give the French crown to France’s true king, Charles VII, son of Charles VI. Burned at the stake on May 30, 1431.

Charles VII: Crowned king in Reims.

Ideas/Events:

A CHURCH DIVIDED:
 * The move to Avignon badly weakened the Church. When reformers finally tried to move the papacy back to Rome, however, the result was even worse.
 * Now there were two popes. Each declared the other to be a false pope, excommunicating his rival. The French pope lived in Avignon, while the Italian pope lived in Rome.
 * In 1414, the Council of Constance attempted to end the Great Schism by choosing a single pope. By now, there were a total of three popes: the Avignon pope, the Roman pope, and a third pope elected by an earlier council at Pisa. With the help of the Holy Roman Emperor, the council forced all three popes to resign.

BUBONIC PLAGUE STRIKES AGAIN:
 * The plague began in Asia. Traveling trade routes, it infected parts of Asia, the Muslim world, and Europe. In 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant ships arrived in Sicily carrying bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death. It got the name because of the purplish or blackish spots it produced on the skin.
 * The disease swept through Italy. From there it followed trade routes to Spain, France, Germany, England, and other parts of Europe and North Africa.
 * Some communities escaped unharmed, but in others, **approximately two-thirds to three-quarters of those who caught the disease died**. Before the bubonic plague ran its course, it killed almost 25 million Europeans and many more millions in Asia and North Africa.
 * The plague returned every few years, though it never struck as severely as in the first outbreak.
 * Plague Effects:
 * -Town populations fell.**
 * -Trade declined.**
 * -Prices rose.**
 * -The serfs left the manor in search of better wages.**
 * - Nobles fiercely resisted peasant demands for higher wages, causing peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium.**
 * -Jews were blamed for bringing on the plague. All over Europe, Jews were driven from their homes or, worse, massacred.**
 * - The Church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers failed to stop the onslaught of the bubonic plague and priests abandoned their duties.**

THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR: > **- A feeling of nationalism emerged in England and France. Now people thought of the king as a national leader, fighting for the glory of the country, not simply a feudal lord.** > **- The power and prestige of the French monarch increased.** > **- The English suffered a period of internal turmoil known as the War of the Roses, in which two noble houses fought for the throne.**
 * Not only did the people in Europe during the 1300s have to deal with epidemic dis- ease, but they also had to deal with war. England and France battled with each other on French soil for just over a century.
 * The century of war between England and France marked the end of medieval Europe’s society.
 * The Hundred Years’ War brought a change in the style of warfare in Europe. Some combatants were still operating under medieval ideals of chivalry.
 * The English introduced the longbow and demonstrated its power in three significant battles: Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt.
 * The English army, including long bowmen, was outnumbered by a French army three times its size.
 * The French army included knights and archers with crossbows. French knights believed themselves invincible and attacked.
 * English long bowmen let fly thousands of arrows at the oncoming French. The crossbowmen, peppered with English arrows, retreated in panic.
 * The English repeated their victory ten years later at the Battle of Poitiers. The third English victory, the Battle of Agincourt, took place in 1415. The success of the longbow in these battles spelled doom for chivalric warfare.
 * In 1420, the French and English signed a treaty stating that Henry V would inherit the French crown upon the death of the French king Charles VI.
 * In 1430, the Burgundians, England’s allies, captured Joan in battle. They turned her over to the English. The English, in turn, handed her over to Church authorities to stand trial.
 * **The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War**